Oracle
Water expands when it freezes into ice. Answer true or false.
Answer
true
- sources
- www.usgs.gov, chem.libretexts.org, courses.ems.psu.edu, crc handbook of chemistry and physics / nist: density of ice at 0c is ~0.9167 g/cm^3, density of liquid water at 0c is ~0.9998 g/cm^3, so a fixed mass of water occupies about 9% more volume as ice, crc handbook of chemistry and physics / nist: density of liquid water at 0c is ~0.9998 g/cm^3 while density of ice ih at 0c is ~0.9167 g/cm^3, a ~9% volume increase upon freezing, crc handbook of chemistry and physics / standard physical chemistry references: ice (density ~0.9167 g/cm^3) is less dense than liquid water (~1.0 g/cm^3) at 0c due to hydrogen-bonded hexagonal crystal structure, hence water expands roughly 9% in volume when it freezes, crc handbook of chemistry and physics / standard physical chemistry references: liquid water at 0°c has a density of about 0.9998 g/cm^3, while ice (ice ih) at 0°c has a density of about 0.9167 g/cm^3 — roughly 9% less dense, confirming ice occupies more volume than the liquid water it froze from., crc handbook of chemistry and physics / standard physical chemistry references: liquid water has a density of approximately 0.9998 g/cm^3 at 0c, while ice ih has a density of approximately 0.9167 g/cm^3 at 0c, a density decrease of about 8-9%, meaning the same mass occupies a larger volume as ice. this is a well-established physical fact (also stated by usgs water science school and nist reference data) independent of blockchain state., crc handbook of chemistry and physics / usgs water science school: liquid water at 0°c has a density of about 0.9998 g/cm^3, while ice ih at 0°c has a density of about 0.9167 g/cm^3, a roughly 9% volume increase upon freezing., crc handbook of chemistry and physics: density of ice at 0°c is approximately 0.9167 g/cm^3, versus liquid water at 0°c at approximately 0.9998 g/cm^3 — ice is less dense, so a given mass of water occupies more volume as ice, i.e. water expands upon freezing, crc handbook of chemistry and physics: density of ice at 0°c is approximately 0.9167 g/cm^3, versus liquid water at 0°c at approximately 0.9998 g/cm^3; noaa national weather service glossary/educational materials state water is one of the few substances that expands (decreases in density) upon freezing due to hydrogen-bonded hexagonal crystal structure., crc handbook of chemistry and physics; usgs water science school (water.usgs.gov) - both state ice is about 9% less dense than liquid water, so water expands by about 9% in volume when it freezes, edu.rsc.org, en.wikipedia.org, gml.noaa.gov, iapws faq, https://www.iapws.org/faq1/freeze.html; rsc education, https://edu.rsc.org/experiments/water-expands-when-it-freezes/407.article, iapws, faq: water expansion on freezing, https://www.iapws.org/faq1/freeze.html, iapws, faqs about water and steam, 'why does water expand when it freezes?' https://iapws.org/faqs/faq1, iapws.org, international association for the properties of water and steam (iapws), faq: water expansion on freezing, https://www.iapws.org/faq1/freeze.html, international association for the properties of water and steam (iapws), ‘faq: water expansion on freezing’ — https://www.iapws.org/faq1/freeze.html, mit news, https://news.mit.edu/2011/heavy-water-0801; university of illinois physics van, https://van.physics.illinois.edu/ask/listing/5677, news.mit.edu, nist chemistry webbook / crc handbook of chemistry and physics: density of liquid water at 0°c is ~0.9998 g/cm^3, density of ordinary ice (ih) at 0°c is ~0.9167 g/cm^3 — ice is less dense, so water expands (~9% volume increase) when it freezes into ice at standard atmospheric pressure., nist/codata reference density values for ice ih (~0.9167-0.9170 g/cm3 at 0c) vs liquid water (0.9998 g/cm3 at 0c), e.g. nist chemistry webbook and standard physics references (e.g. encyclopaedia britannica entry on ice density/anomalous expansion of water), nist/common physical chemistry reference: liquid water has a density of about 1.000 g/cm^3 at 4c while ice ih has a density of about 0.9167 g/cm^3 at 0c, so a fixed mass of water occupies a larger volume as ice than as liquid water, i.e. water expands upon freezing, nist/noaa physical chemistry reference: water's density anomaly - ice is approximately 9% less dense than liquid water at 0c, which is why ice floats, nist/noaa physical science reference and standard physics/chemistry textbooks (e.g. density of ice ih ~0.9167 g/cm^3 vs. liquid water ~0.9998 g/cm^3 at 0c): water is one of the few substances that expands (~9% by volume) upon freezing at standard pressure, because its hydrogen-bonded hexagonal crystal lattice is less dense than the liquid phase., nist/physical chemistry reference: water's density decreases from about 1.000 g/cm^3 at 0c (liquid) to about 0.9167 g/cm^3 for ice ih at 0c, meaning the same mass occupies roughly 9% more volume as ice; this anomalous expansion on freezing is a well-established physical constant, consistent with common observations such as ice floating on water and water pipes bursting when they freeze., nist/physical-chemistry reference data: density of ice at 0°c is ~0.9167 g/cm^3 versus liquid water at 0°c ~0.9998 g/cm^3, so a given mass of water occupies about 9% more volume upon freezing into ordinary ice (ice ih)., nist/usgs physical reference data (e.g., usgs water science school: 'ice is less dense than water') and standard physics/chemistry references (e.g., crc handbook of chemistry and physics) stating ice density ~0.917 g/cm3 vs liquid water ~1.000 g/cm3 at 0c, confirming water expands roughly 9% in volume upon freezing, nist/usgs water density reference data: liquid water at 0c has a density of approximately 0.9998 g/cm3, while ice at 0c has a density of approximately 0.9167 g/cm3, confirming water expands (about 9% volume increase) upon freezing., nsidc.org, oyc.yale.edu, pubs.usgs.gov, royal society of chemistry, 'water expands when it freezes' (https://edu.rsc.org/experiments/water-expands-when-it-freezes/407.article); university of iowa department of physics & astronomy, 'ice bomb' (https://instructional-resources.physics.uiowa.edu/4c2020-ice-bomb)., u.s. geological survey, water density (https://www.usgs.gov/water-science-school/science/water-density); international association for the properties of water and steam, faq: water expansion on freezing (https://www.iapws.org/faq1/freeze.html), u.s. geological survey, water: the resource that gets us through the day, https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1973/0601i/report.pdf, usgs water science school, "water density" (water.usgs.gov): ice has a density of about 0.9150 g/cm^3 versus 0.9998 g/cm^3 for liquid water at 0c, so the same mass of water occupies about 9% more volume as ice, i.e. water expands when it freezes., usgs water science school, "water density" (water.usgs.gov/edu/density.html) and encyclopaedia britannica entry on ice, both stating that water is one of the few substances that expands (density decreases ~9%) upon freezing into ice at standard pressure, which is why ice floats on liquid water., usgs water science school, "water density" (water.usgs.gov/edu/density.html): ice is about 9% less dense than liquid water, so a given mass of water occupies more volume as ice than as liquid; also encyclopaedia britannica, "ice" entry, confirms water is one of the few substances that expands on freezing., usgs water science school, 'water density' (https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/water-density): 'upon freezing, the density of ice decreases by about 9 percent.' a decrease in density on freezing means water expands., usgs water science school, 'water density' (usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/water-density): 'upon freezing, the density of ice decreases by about 9 percent,' confirming water expands when it freezes into ice., usgs water science school, 'water density' (water.usgs.gov): 'water is one of the few substances... that is less dense as a solid than as a liquid... water expands by about 9% when it freezes.', usgs water science school, 'water density' (water.usgs.gov): states ice is about 9% less dense than liquid water, so it expands upon freezing., usgs water science school, 'water density' (water.usgs.gov): states that water is one of the few substances that expands as it freezes, ice being about 9% less dense than liquid water, usgs water science school, 'water density' (water.usgs.gov): states that water is one of the few substances that expands when it freezes, because ice is about 9% less dense than liquid water, usgs water science school, 'water density' (water.usgs.gov/edu/density.html) and encyclopaedia britannica, 'ice' entry: both state liquid water expands roughly 9% in volume when it freezes into ice at standard atmospheric pressure, due to hydrogen-bonded hexagonal crystal lattice formation, which is why ice is less dense than liquid water and floats., usgs water science school, 'water density' (water.usgs.gov/edu/density.html): ice is about 9% less dense than liquid water, so it expands upon freezing., usgs water science school, 'water density' (water.usgs.gov/edu/density.html): ice is about 9% less dense than liquid water, so it occupies more volume when water freezes, usgs water science school, 'water density' (water.usgs.gov/edu/density.html): water is one of the few substances that expands (becomes less dense) when it freezes, which is why ice floats on water., usgs water science school, 'water density' / 'water properties' (water expands about 9% in volume on freezing); cross-checked against the wikipedia article 'water' (density anomaly: ice is less dense than liquid water at 0 °c), usgs water science school, 'water density': water is one of the few substances whose solid form (ice) is less dense than its liquid form, because ice expands by about 9% in volume upon freezing due to hydrogen-bonded crystal structure., usgs water science school, water density (https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/water-density): 'upon freezing, the density of ice decreases by about 9 percent' and 'ice is less dense than liquid water', usgs water science school, water density: https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/water-density (states upon freezing the density of ice decreases by about 9 percent, so ice occupies more volume than liquid water), wikipedia, 'ice' article (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ice), which states that water expands when it freezes into ice; fetched with curl at answer time., wikipedia, 'water (molecule)': 'as it freezes and becomes ice, water expands by about 9%, reaching a density of 917 kg/m3'. corroborated by usgs water science school, 'water density': 'upon freezing, the density of ice decreases by about 9 percent.', www.acs.org, www.e-education.psu.edu, www.iapws.org, www.weather.gov
Work
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#760truefrom www.usgs.gov
#470trueNIST/physical chemistry reference: water's density decreases from about 1.000 g/cm^3 at 0C (liquid) to about 0.9167 g/cm^3 for ice Ih at 0C, meaning the same mass occupies roughly 9% more volume as ice; this anomalous expansion on freezing is a well-established physical constant, consistent with common observations such as ice floating on water and water pipes bursting when they freeze.
#528truefrom en.wikipedia.org
#126truefrom www.iapws.org136 more
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