Oracle
In what year was the first Bose-Einstein condensate produced in a laboratory? Answer with the four-digit year only.
Answer
1,995
1995 uint256
- sources
- www.colorado.edu, 1995 nobel prize in physics (2001) award for the cornell/wieman/ketterle achievement; eric cornell and carl wieman produced the first gaseous bose-einstein condensate in a dilute atomic vapor of rubidium-87 atoms at jila on june 5, 1995., 1995 nobel prize in physics (2001) citation for cornell, wieman, and ketterle 'for the achievement of bose-einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms'; anderson et al., science 269 (1995) 198, 'observation of bose-einstein condensation in a dilute atomic vapor', 1995 nobel prize in physics (2001) citation to cornell and wieman; nist/jila historical record of the first gaseous bose-einstein condensate, created june 1995, 1995 nobel prize in physics citation (awarded 2001 to cornell, wieman, and ketterle) confirms the first bec was achieved in 1995 at jila (university of colorado boulder); reported in anderson et al., science 269, 198 (1995), 2001 nobel prize in physics citation (nobelprize.org) for cornell, ketterle, and wieman, 'for the achievement of bose-einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms... in 1995', 2001 nobel prize in physics citation awarded to eric cornell, wolfgang ketterle, and carl wieman 'for the achievement of bose-einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms', recognizing the first such condensate produced by cornell and wieman's group at jila in 1995, 2001 nobel prize in physics citation for eric cornell, wolfgang ketterle, and carl wieman, awarded 'for the achievement of bose-einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms... and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates,' documenting the first gaseous bec created by cornell and wieman's group at jila in 1995, anderson, m. h.; ensher, j. r.; matthews, m. r.; wieman, c. e.; cornell, e. a. (1995). "observation of bose-einstein condensation in a dilute atomic vapor". science. 269 (5221): 198-201., anderson, m. h.; ensher, j. r.; matthews, m. r.; wieman, c. e.; cornell, e. a. (1995). "observation of bose-einstein condensation in a dilute atomic vapor". science. 269 (5221): 198-201; also nobel prize in physics 2001 citation (nobelprize.org) crediting cornell, ketterle, and wieman for realizing bec in 1995., anderson, m. h.; ensher, j. r.; matthews, m. r.; wieman, c. e.; cornell, e. a. (1995). 'observation of bose-einstein condensation in a dilute atomic vapor'. science. 269 (5221): 198-201., anderson, m. h.; ensher, j. r.; matthews, m. r.; wieman, c. e.; cornell, e. a. (1995). 'observation of bose-einstein condensation in a dilute atomic vapor'. science. 269 (5221): 198-201. published by the jila group at the university of colorado boulder / nist., cornell & wieman, jila, science 269 (1995): 198-201, 'observation of bose-einstein condensation in a dilute atomic vapor', cornell and wieman group at jila (university of colorado boulder) produced the first gaseous bose-einstein condensate on 1995-06-05, reported in e. a. cornell and c. e. wieman et al., science 269, 198 (1995), 'observation of bose-einstein condensation in a dilute atomic vapor'; work recognized by the 2001 nobel prize in physics., cornell, e. a. & wieman, c. e., 'observation of bose-einstein condensation in a dilute atomic vapor', science 269, 198 (1995); nobel prize in physics 2001 citation confirming the first bec was produced in 1995 at jila (university of colorado boulder), cornell, e. a. and wieman, c. e. — nobel prize in physics 2001 citation (nobelprize.org) and nist/jila historical record, both stating the first bose-einstein condensate in a dilute atomic gas was produced on june 5, 1995 at jila using rubidium-87 atoms., cornell, e. a.; wieman, c. e. (1995). observation of bose-einstein condensation in a dilute atomic vapor. science 269 (5221): 198-201. jila/university of colorado boulder, 1995., en.wikipedia.org, nist, 'bose-einstein condensate: a new form of matter' (https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2001/10/bose-einstein-condensate-new-form-matter), nist, 'bose-einstein condensate: a new form of matter' (https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2001/10/bose-einstein-condensate-new-form-matter); also nist, 'physicists create new state of matter at record low temperature' (https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/1995/07/physicists-create-new-state-matter-record-low-temperature), nist, 'eric cornell receives 2001 nobel prize in physics' (https://www.nist.gov/awards/eric-cornell-receives-2001-nobel-prize-physics); nobelprize.org, 'the nobel prize in physics 2001' (https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2001/9848-the-nobel-prize-in-physics-2001/), nist, bose-einstein condensate: a new form of matter (2001), https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2001/10/bose-einstein-condensate-new-form-matter, nist, bose-einstein condensate: a new form of matter (2001): https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2001/10/bose-einstein-condensate-new-form-matter, nist, bose-einstein condensate: a new form of matter (https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2001/10/bose-einstein-condensate-new-form-matter), nist, bose-einstein condensate: a new form of matter (https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2001/10/bose-einstein-condensate-new-form-matter); nobelprize.org, the nobel prize in physics 2001 (https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2001/9848-the-nobel-prize-in-physics-2001-2001/), nist, bose-einstein condensate: a new form of matter — https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2001/10/bose-einstein-condensate-new-form-matter, nist, bose-einstein condensate: a new form of matter, https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2001/10/bose-einstein-condensate-new-form-matter, nist, physicists create new state of matter at record low temperature (1995), https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/1995/07/physicists-create-new-state-matter-record-low-temperature, nobel prize (physics 2001) official citation and background materials (nobelprize.org) state that the jila team of eric a. cornell and carl e. wieman produced the first bose-einstein condensate in a dilute gas of rubidium atoms in 1995; corroborated by nist historical account of the june 1995 jila bec achievement., nobel prize in physics 2001 citation (awarded to cornell, ketterle, wieman) for the 1995 creation of bose-einstein condensates in dilute gases of alkali atoms at jila (rubidium-87, june 1995), nobel prize in physics 2001 citation (awarded to eric cornell, wolfgang ketterle, carl wieman) for achieving bose-einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, first realized by cornell and wieman's group at jila in june 1995 using rubidium-87 atoms, nobel prize in physics 2001 citation (cornell, ketterle, wieman) "for the achievement of bose-einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms... and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates" — nobelprize.org, nobel prize in physics 2001 citation (cornell, ketterle, wieman), 'for the achievement of bose-einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms... in 1995', nobel prize in physics 2001 citation (cornell, ketterle, wieman), nobelprize.org: 'for the achievement of bose-einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms... in 1995', nobel prize in physics 2001 citation (cornell, wieman, ketterle) for bec realized in dilute gases of alkali atoms in 1995 at jila (rubidium-87), nobel prize in physics 2001 citation (eric a. cornell, wolfgang ketterle, carl e. wieman), awarded 'for the achievement of bose-einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms... and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates' — cornell and wieman's team at jila (university of colorado boulder / nist) created the first such condensate, in rubidium-87 atoms, on june 5, 1995., nobel prize in physics 2001 citation (nobelprize.org) 'for the achievement of bose-einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms ... and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates'; anderson, ensher, matthews, wieman, cornell, 'observation of bose-einstein condensation in a dilute atomic vapor', science 269, 198 (1995), nobel prize in physics 2001 citation (nobelprize.org) for cornell, ketterle and wieman "for the achievement of bose-einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms ... and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates", crediting the first such condensate to 1995, nobel prize in physics 2001 citation (nobelprize.org) for cornell, ketterle, and wieman "for the achievement of bose-einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms", crediting the first such condensate to cornell and wieman's jila team in 1995, nobel prize in physics 2001 citation (nobelprize.org) for cornell, ketterle, and wieman, 'for the achievement of bose-einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms... and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates,' crediting the first such condensate to cornell and wieman's group in 1995, nobel prize in physics 2001 citation (nobelprize.org) for cornell, ketterle, and wieman, awarded for achieving bose-einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms at jila in 1995, nobel prize in physics 2001 citation (nobelprize.org) for cornell, ketterle, wieman "for the achievement of bose-einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms... in 1995", nobel prize in physics 2001 citation (nobelprize.org) for cornell, wieman and ketterle, awarded for achieving bose-einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms in 1995, nobel prize in physics 2001 citation (nobelprize.org) for cornell, wieman, and ketterle 'for the achievement of bose-einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms... and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates'; the first such condensate was created on june 5, 1995 by eric cornell and carl wieman at jila using rubidium-87 atoms., nobel prize in physics 2001 citation (nobelprize.org) for cornell, wieman, and ketterle, 'for the achievement of bose-einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms', which they first produced in 1995 at jila (rubidium-87) and mit (sodium), nobel prize in physics 2001 citation (nobelprize.org) for the discovery of bose-einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, achieved in 1995, nobel prize in physics 2001 citation (nobelprize.org) — awarded to eric a. cornell, wolfgang ketterle, and carl e. wieman 'for the achievement of bose-einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms... and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates', achieved in 1995 at jila (cornell/wieman, rubidium-87) and mit (ketterle, sodium-23), nobel prize in physics 2001 citation (nobelprize.org): awarded to cornell, wieman and ketterle 'for the achievement of bose-einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms... and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates', with the jila (cornell/wieman) condensate first achieved in june 1995, nobel prize in physics 2001 citation (nobelprize.org): awarded to cornell, wieman, and ketterle 'for the achievement of bose-einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms... and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates', first achieved in 1995, nobel prize in physics 2001 citation (nobelprize.org): awarded to eric a. cornell, wolfgang ketterle, and carl e. wieman for achieving the first bose-einstein condensate in dilute gases of alkali atoms, achieved in 1995 at jila (cornell and wieman, rubidium-87) and shortly after at mit (ketterle, sodium-23)., nobel prize in physics 2001 citation (nobelprize.org): awarded to eric cornell, wolfgang ketterle, and carl wieman for achieving bose-einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, first realized in 1995 by cornell and wieman's group at jila, nobel prize in physics 2001 citation (nobelprize.org): eric cornell and carl wieman, with mike anderson, mike matthews, and carl wieman's group at jila (university of colorado boulder / nist), created the first bose-einstein condensate in a dilute gas of rubidium-87 atoms on june 5, 1995., nobel prize in physics 2001 citation (royal swedish academy of sciences), awarded to cornell, ketterle, and wieman for achieving bose-einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms in 1995, nobel prize in physics 2001 citation for cornell, wieman, and ketterle 'for the achievement of bose-einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms'; the cornell/wieman jila group first produced it on june 5, 1995, nobel prize in physics 2001 citation for cornell, wieman, and ketterle, awarded for achieving bose-einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms in 1995 (e.a. cornell and c.e. wieman, jila, june 1995), nobel prize in physics 2001 citation for eric cornell, wolfgang ketterle, and carl wieman: 'for the achievement of bose-einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms... in 1995 at jila', nobel prize in physics 2001 citation: eric a. cornell and carl e. wieman produced the first bose-einstein condensate in a dilute gas of rubidium atoms at jila in 1995 (published in science 269, 198)., nobel prize in physics 2001 citation; anderson, ensher, matthews, wieman, cornell, 'observation of bose-einstein condensation in a dilute atomic vapor', science 269, 198 (1995), nobel prize in physics 2001 official announcement (nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2001/summary/): awarded to eric a. cornell, wolfgang ketterle, and carl e. wieman 'for the achievement of bose-einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates', achieved in 1995 at jila (cornell/wieman, rubidium-87, june 1995) and mit (ketterle, sodium-23, later in 1995), nobel prize in physics 2001 official citation (eric a. cornell, wolfgang ketterle, carl e. wieman, "for the achievement of bose-einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms"); the original paper: m. h. anderson, j. r. ensher, m. r. matthews, c. e. wieman, e. a. cornell, "observation of bose-einstein condensation in a dilute atomic vapor", science 269, 198 (1995)., nobel prize in physics 2001 official citation (nobelprize.org) awarded to cornell, wieman, and ketterle 'for the achievement of bose-einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates'; the jila bec was first produced and reported in june/july 1995 (anderson et al., science 269, 198 (1995))., nobel prize in physics 2001 official citation (nobelprize.org) — awarded to cornell, wieman and ketterle for achieving bose-einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms in 1995; corroborated by anderson et al., 'observation of bose-einstein condensation in a dilute atomic vapor', science 269 (1995) 198., nobel prize in physics 2001 official citation (nobelprize.org): awarded to cornell, ketterle and wieman 'for the achievement of bose-einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms... in 1995', nobel prize in physics 2001 official citation (nobelprize.org): awarded to cornell, wieman, and ketterle 'for the achievement of bose-einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates,' produced by the cornell/wieman group on 1995-06-05., nobel prize in physics 2001 official citation (royal swedish academy of sciences), "for the achievement of bose-einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates", awarded to cornell, wieman, and ketterle for their 1995 experiments., nobel prize in physics 2001 press release (nobelprize.org) crediting cornell, wieman, and ketterle for producing the first bose-einstein condensate in 1995, nobel prize in physics 2001 press release (nobelprize.org), awarded to cornell, wieman, and ketterle 'for the achievement of bose-einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms... and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates'; the jila team (cornell and wieman) first produced a bec in rubidium-87 vapor on june 5, 1995., nobel prize in physics 2001 press release (nobelprize.org): awarded to eric a. cornell, wolfgang ketterle, and carl e. wieman 'for the achievement of bose-einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms... and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates', achieved in 1995 by cornell and wieman at jila (rubidium-87), shortly followed by ketterle at mit (sodium-23)., nobel prize in physics 2001 press release (royal swedish academy of sciences), awarded to cornell, wieman, and ketterle 'for the achievement of bose-einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms ... and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates'; the jila (cornell/wieman) rubidium-87 condensate was first realized on june 5, 1995., nobel prize official site, physics 2001 press release (nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2001/press-release/): eric cornell and carl wieman created the first bose-einstein condensate in a dilute gas of rubidium atoms at jila on 5 june 1995, nobel prize official site, physics 2001 press release (nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2001/summary/): eric cornell and carl wieman created the first bose-einstein condensate at jila (university of colorado boulder) in 1995, using rubidium-87 atoms cooled to 170 nanokelvin., nobel prize official site, physics 2001 press release (nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2001/summary/): eric cornell and carl wieman created the first bose-einstein condensate at jila on 5 june 1995, using a gas of rubidium atoms cooled to 170 nanokelvin; wolfgang ketterle produced a bec in sodium atoms shortly after in 1995., nobel prize official site, physics 2001 summary: https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2001/summary/ — eric a. cornell, wolfgang ketterle and carl e. wieman awarded the 2001 nobel prize in physics for achievement of bose-einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms in 1995., nobel prize press release, the nobel prize in physics 2001 (nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2001/summary/): awarded to cornell, ketterle and wieman for achieving bose-einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, first realized by cornell and wieman's group in 1995., nobel prize press release, the nobel prize in physics 2001 (nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2001/summary/): eric a. cornell and carl e. wieman, together with wolfgang ketterle, are recognized 'for the achievement of bose-einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms... and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates'; cornell and wieman's jila group (nist/university of colorado boulder) first created a bose-einstein condensate in rubidium-87 vapor in 1995., nobel prize press release, the royal swedish academy of sciences, 2001 nobel prize in physics awarded to cornell, wieman, and ketterle 'for the achievement of bose-einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates' (https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2001/summary/), which states the first gaseous bec was produced in 1995 at jila (cornell & wieman, rubidium-87), shortly followed by ketterle's group at mit (sodium)., the nobel prize in physics 2001 (awarded to eric a. cornell, wolfgang ketterle and carl e. wieman) citation: 'for the achievement of bose-einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates', achieved by the cornell/wieman group at jila in 1995, the nobel prize in physics 2001 (awarded to eric a. cornell, wolfgang ketterle, and carl e. wieman) citation states the first bose-einstein condensate in a dilute gas of alkali atoms was achieved by cornell and wieman's group at jila on june 5, 1995, using rubidium-87 atoms., the nobel prize in physics 2001 citation (nobelprize.org): 'for the achievement of bose-einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates,' awarded to eric a. cornell, wolfgang ketterle, and carl e. wieman for their 1995 experiments., the nobel prize in physics 2001 citation (royal swedish academy of sciences), awarded to eric a. cornell, wolfgang ketterle, and carl e. wieman 'for the achievement of bose-einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates'; the first such condensate was produced by cornell and wieman's team on june 5, 1995, www.nist.gov, www.nobelprize.org
Work
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#15071,995from www.colorado.edu
#9901,9951995 Nobel Prize in Physics (2001) citation for Cornell, Wieman, and Ketterle 'for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms'; Anderson et al., Science 269 (1995) 198, 'Observation of Bose-Einstein Condensation in a Dilute Atomic Vapor'
#8611,995from www.nist.gov
#3121,995from www.nist.gov
#18251,995Nobel Prize in Physics 2001 official citation (nobelprize.org): awarded to Cornell, Ketterle and Wieman 'for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms... in 1995'212 more
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